![]() ![]() The ground state term symbol for neutral atoms is described, in most cases, by Hund's rules. Term symbols usually specify the total for all electrons in an atom, but are sometimes used to describe electrons in a given subshell or set of subshells, for example to describe each open subshell in an atom having more than one. Term symbols apply to both neutral and charged atoms, and to their ground and excited states. For coupling schemes other that LS coupling, such as the jj coupling that applies to some heavy elements, other notations are used to specify the term. L is written using spectroscopic notation: for example, it is written "S", "P", "D", or "F" to represent L = 0, 1, 2, or 3 respectively. The conventional term symbol has the form 2 S+1 L J, where J is written optionally in order to specify a level. In the terminology of atomic spectroscopy, L and S together specify a term L, S, and J specify a level and L, S, J and the magnetic quantum number M J specify a state. The usual atomic term symbols assume LS coupling (also known as Russell–Saunders coupling) in which the all-electron total quantum numbers for orbital ( L), spin ( S) and total ( J) angular momenta are good quantum numbers. So while the word symbol suggests otherwise, it represents an actual value of a physical quantity.įor a given electron configuration of an atom, its state depends also on its total angular momentum, including spin and orbital components, which are specified by the term symbol. In atomic physics, a term symbol is an abbreviated description of the total spin and orbital angular momentum quantum numbers of the electrons in a multi-electron atom. ![]()
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